israel: The Unspoken Nuclear Power
israel has never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
It has never “officially” acknowledged possessing nuclear weapons.
It is widely believed (by credible intelligence agencies and watchdogs) to have an arsenal of 80–400 nuclear warheads.
The U.S. and European powers maintain a policy of "strategic ambiguity" around israel’s arsenal, effectively shielding it from scrutiny.
israel is not subjected to IAEA inspections or international demands to disarm or disclose.
israel is currently in violation of over 140 UN resolutions.
israel continues its illegal occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Syrian Golan Heights, all territories designated as occupied under international law by the United Nations.
The construction and expansion of israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem are in direct violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits the transfer of an occupying power’s civilian population into the territory it occupies.
israel has imposed a 16+ year blockade on Gaza, which the UN has described as "collective punishment" of over 2 million Palestinians and a violation of international humanitarian law.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2004 declared the israeli separation wall in the West Bank illegal, calling for its dismantlement and compensation to affected Palestinians. israel has ignored this ruling.
Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and multiple israeli NGOs have declared israel’s policies toward Palestinians to constitute apartheid, based on systemic domination and separation.
israel is the only country to have destroyed a nuclear reactor in another sovereign country (Iraq, 1981 and Syria, 2007) — both acts of unprovoked military aggression condemned but not sanctioned.
In 2023, israeli Heritage Minister Amihai Eliyahu publicly stated that using a nuclear bomb on Gaza was "an option", prompting public international concern but no formal reprimand from nuclear oversight bodies.
The Dimona nuclear facility in the Negev Desert operates outside of any international regulatory framework, and no IAEA inspectors have ever been allowed access.
israel maintains a doctrine of "nuclear opacity" (amimut), refusing to confirm or deny its arsenal, thereby evading both disarmament pressure and formal accountability.
Despite its undeclared nuclear arsenal, israel has vocally opposed Iran's peaceful nuclear energy program, lobbying for sanctions and potential military strikes.
The U.S. Congress passed legislation (the Symington and Glenn Amendments) prohibiting aid to countries with undeclared nuclear weapons programs — yet these laws are not applied to israel.
Iran: The Spotlight State
Iran is a signatory to the NPT.
Its nuclear program is regularly inspected by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency).
Despite no proven evidence of a weapons program in recent years, Iran faces:
Sanctions
Threats of military action
Assassinations of nuclear scientists
Sabotage (e.g., Stuxnet cyberattack)
Iran’s right to peaceful nuclear energy — guaranteed under the NPT — is routinely challenged, especially by countries who themselves possess undeclared or unregulated weapons.
A Hard Truth:
The rules of the "rules-based order" may only apply to those outside the circle of power. Those inside make the rules, break them, and rewrite them as needed.
References
POLITICO
Israel minister suspended after calling nuking Gaza an option
November 4, 2023 — Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu's statements 'are not based in reality,' Prime Minister Netanyahu says.
More
United Nations
Human Rights Council Draft Resolution: Israeli settlements in the ...
April 2, 2025 — Noting in this regard that the Israeli settlements fragment the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, into isolated geographical units ...
Palestine Chronicle
Growing Calls for IAEA to Inspect Israel's Nuclear Facilities
March 9, 2025 — Qatar urges international efforts to place Israeli nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards and for Israel to join the NPT.
TRT Global
Qatar calls for IAEA safeguards for all Israeli nuclear facilities
March 8, 2025 — Qatar reiterated its call for intensified international efforts Saturday to subject all of Israel's nuclear facilities to the safeguards of the ...
National Security Archive
1960 Intelligence Report Said Israeli Nuclear Site Was for Weapons
December 16, 2024 — ... inspection visits to the Dimona reactor in 1965 and 1966. To avoid contention with their hosts, the inspections were referred to as “visits ...
United Nations
Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including ...
December 3, 2024 — Israeli practices and settlement activities affecting the rights of the Palestinian people and other Arabs of the occupied territories.
THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW
How Israel's undeclared Nuclear Arsenal Destabilizes the Middle East
October 15, 2024 — Israel's policy of “nuclear opacity” undermines the logic of deterrence, which is based on the ability to signal to one's enemies the capability ...
OHCHR
A/79/347: Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory ...
September 11, 2024 — The present report, prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 78/78, provides an update on Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied ...
Amnesty International
ICJ opinion on Israeli occupation is vindication of Palestinians' rights
July 18, 2024 — ICJ opinion declaring Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories unlawful is historic vindication of Palestinians' rights. Responding to ...
International Court of Justice
Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 19 July 2024
July 18, 2024 — In its Wall Advisory Opinion, the Court found that Israel's settlement policy was in breach of the sixth paragraph of Article 49 of the Fourth ...
International Committee of the Red Cross
Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory: The law of occupation ...
July 18, 2024 — ICRC's longstanding legal position is that the establishment and expansion of civilian settlements by Israel in the occupied West Bank is incompatible with ...
The Washington Institute
Nuclear Agency Chief Visits Iran: Expectations and Next Steps
May 2, 2024 — That meeting will also review the latest report from those IAEA inspectors who have been permitted to monitor facilities in Iran. Simon ...
gzcenter.org
Veterans for Peace say, “President Biden: STOP Arming Israel… It's ...
April 27, 2024 — Because Israel has not signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT), the Symington-Glenn Amendments to the International Security ...
Common Dreams
'The Law Is Simple': Israel's Unregulated Nukes Mean Biden Must ...
April 19, 2024 — The president may not waive the cutoff of the aid and exports under the Glenn Amendment where there has been a nuclear weapons detonation, or ...
The Nation
The Nuclear Explosion That Makes US Aid to Israel Illegal | The Nation
March 28, 2024 — Passed by Congress in 1977, the amendment aimed particularly at the nuclear pariah states. It mandated an end to arms assistance, and an ...
OHCHR
UN report calls for accountability, justice for violations by all parties ...
February 22, 2024 — GENEVA (23 February 2024) – A UN Human Rights Office report issued today calls for accountability and justice acros.
Just Security
Israel, the United States, and the Fourth Geneva Convention
February 22, 2024 — Hansell concluded Israeli settlements violated Article 49(6) of the Convention. In doing so, Hansell explicitly rejected one of Israel's key ...
The Times of Israel
Far-right minister Eliyahu: 'Even in the Hague they know my position'
January 23, 2024 — ... Eliyahu's claim that dropping a nuclear bomb on the Gaza Strip was a possibility. “Amichai Eliyahu's words are detached from reality ...
Middle East Monitor
Israel minister renews call for striking Gaza with 'nuclear bomb'
January 23, 2024 — Israel's far-right Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu today renewed his call for striking the Gaza Strip with a “nuclear bomb.
Anadolu Ajansı
Israeli minister renews call for striking Gaza with 'nuclear bomb'
January 23, 2024 — Israel's far-right Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu on Wednesday renewed his call for striking the Gaza Strip with a “nuclear bomb.”
Medium
The US's $3.3 Billion in Military Aid To Israel Is Illegal Under Its Own ...
December 11, 2023 — The Symington Amendment of 1976 bars “economic and military assistance to any country that imported or exported spent nuclear fuel reprocessing ...
Peoples Dispatch
UN General Assembly adopts fresh resolution demanding Israel's ...
November 28, 2023 — The United Nations General Assembly adopted a fresh resolution on Tuesday, November 28 asking Israel to withdraw from the occupied Syrian Golan Heights.
AP News
Nations condemn Israeli minister's statement about dropping a ...
November 13, 2023 — China, Iran and a multitude of Arab nations condemned an Israeli minister's statement that a nuclear bomb on the Gaza Strip was an option in the Israel-Hamas ...
The Times of Israel
Far-right minister says nuking Gaza an option, PM suspends him ...
November 4, 2023 — Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu said Sunday that one of Israel's options in the war against Hamas could be to drop a nuclear bomb on the Gaza Strip.
POLITICO
Israel minister suspended after calling nuking Gaza an option
November 4, 2023 — Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu's statements 'are not based in reality,' Prime Minister Netanyahu says.
Reuters
Netanyahu suspends Israeli minister over Gaza nuclear comment
November 4, 2023 — Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Sunday disciplined a junior member of his cabinet who appeared to voice openness to the idea of Israel ...
Le Monde.fr
Israel minister reprimanded over Gaza nuclear 'option' comment
November 4, 2023 — Heritage Minister Amichai Eliyahu, an ultranationalist member of Netanyahu's coalition, was suspended from government meetings.
The Guardian
Netanyahu reprimands Israeli minister over Gaza 'nuclear option ...
November 4, 2023 — The Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, has disciplined a junior member of his cabinet who appeared to voice openness to the idea of Israel carrying ...
United Nations Press
Civilians in Gaza Must Not Be Collectively Punished for Atrocities ...
October 29, 2023 — Civilians in Gaza must not be the target of collective punishment, speakers told the Security Council today, as calls for a ceasefire gained greater urgency.
Human Rights Watch
Israel: Unlawful Gaza Blockade Deadly for Children
October 17, 2023 — The Israeli government should immediately end its total blockade of the Gaza Strip that is putting Palestinian children and other civilians ...
CCAS
The Collective Punishment of Palestinians in Gaza - CCAS
October 13, 2023 — The killing of more than 1300 Israelis—soldiers, innocent children and civilians—by Hamas shocked Israel and the world. Israeli human rights ...
Amnesty International
Israel must lift illegal and inhumane blockade on Gaza
October 11, 2023 — The shutdown of Gaza's only power plant will exacerbate an already desperate humanitarian crisis for more than 2.2 million people trapped in ...
Reuters
UN experts say Israel's strikes on Gaza amount to 'collective ...
October 11, 2023 — A group of independent United Nations experts on Thursday condemned violence against civilians in Israel and deplored the "collective punishment" of reprisal ...
www.ndtv.com
In 1981, Israel Bombed Nuclear Reactor In Iraq. Why It's Relevant ...
October 10, 2023 — On June 7, 1981 at 4 pm, 14 fighter jets took off from Etzion airport in Israel. At approximately 5.30 pm, they struck and destroyed the Osirak ...
Al Jazeera
Is 'total' Gaza blockade a collective punishment against Palestinians?
October 8, 2023 — Israel announces a blockade on the Gaza Strip, meaning more than 2 million people will suffer for the acts of a few.
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Qatar calls for Israeli nuclear facilities to be subjected to IAEA ...
September 28, 2023 — Qatar has called for the Israeli regime's nuclear facilities to be subjected to the International Atomic Energy Agency's safeguards amid Tel ...
United Nations Press
Settlement Expansion in Occupied Palestinian Territory Violates ...
September 26, 2023 — Council members stressed that the expanding Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory are a violation of international law and must cease.
IR Insider
Israel's Efforts to Influence Negotiations on the Iran Nuclear Deal ...
October 5, 2022 — Israeli officials across the political spectrum have historically opposed the JCPOA, arguing that it did not go far enough to permanently end ...
ngomonitor - Making NGOs Accountable
Amnesty International's Cruel Assault on Israel - NGO Monitor
April 13, 2022 — In February 2022, Amnesty released a 280-page report on Apartheid. As detailed in this report, the publication is fundamentally flawed, ...
Spheres of Influence
Eighteen Years Later, the ICJ's Ruling on the Separation Wall in ...
March 10, 2022 — Although the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled in 2004 that the wall is illegal and called on Israel to dismantle it, Israel has continued to expand ...
Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)
Amnesty International and the Apartheid Claim Against Israel
February 28, 2022 — On 1 February 2022, Amnesty International released a comprehensive report claiming that Israel is engaged in apartheid against the Palestinians.
Amnesty International
Israel's apartheid against Palestinians - Amnesty International
January 31, 2022 — The term “apartheid” was originally used to refer to a political system in South Africa which explicitly enforced racial segregation, and the ...
Amnesty International
Israel's apartheid against Palestinians: a cruel system of domination ...
January 31, 2022 — Israeli authorities must be held accountable for committing the crime of apartheid against Palestinians, Amnesty International said today in ...
PBS: Public Broadcasting Service
Amnesty International releases report accusing Israel of apartheid
January 31, 2022 — Palestinians have accused Israel of apartheid for decades. The Palestinian Authority, which administers parts of the occupied West Bank and ...
The Guardian
Amnesty International calls Israel's actions against Palestinians ...
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Human Rights Watch
Israeli Apartheid: "A Threshold Crossed" | Human Rights Watch
July 18, 2021 — Many in Germany, including those critical of Israeli human rights abuses, remain hesitant to apply the label of apartheid to Israeli conduct ...
National Security Archive
Israeli Attack on Iraq's Osirak 1981: Setback or Impetus for Nuclear ...
June 6, 2021 — On June 7, 1981, 40 years ago today, Israel attacked and partially destroyed Iraq's Osirak nuclear research reactor at Tuwaitha.
Human Rights Watch
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National Security Archive
Israel, the United States, and the Dimona Inspections, 1964-65
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IMEU
Quick Facts: Israeli Annexation of Occupied Land & International Law
June 21, 2020 — Israeli annexation of the occupied Palestinian West Bank is a serious violation of the Charter of the United Nations and the Geneva Conventions.
Antonin Scalia Law School
“Israeli settlements in the West Bank do not violate international law ...
November 19, 2019 — “Israeli settlements in the West Bank do not violate international law,” according to Eugene Kontorovich | Antonin Scalia Law School.
Waging Peace
Israel's Nuclear Program
September 30, 2019 — The author Ofer Israeli explains: “This approach is called amimut in Hebrew, which translates into 'ambiguity' or 'opacity'.
Al Jazeera
Israel's separation wall endures, 15 years after ICJ ruling - Al Jazeera
July 8, 2019 — The separation wall, deemed illegal by ICJ, cuts into occupied West Bank territory, and will be 712km (442 miles) long upon completion.
BASIC
Why The Israeli Policy Of Nuclear Ambiguity Is Harmful For ... - BASIC
June 20, 2019 — The Israeli policy of ambiguity (Amimut) was viewed as a way to keep Israel and its nuclear programme safe as Israel's allies were seen as ...
Amnesty International
Chapter 3: Israeli Settlements and International Law
January 29, 2019 — Some of these children serve their sentences within Israel, in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The UN has also documented that ...
Texas National Security Review
Restraining an Ally: Israel, the United States, and Iran's Nuclear ...
August 13, 2018 — 175 To force the Obama administration to escalate sanctions on Iran, Israel engaged in heavy lobbying on Capitol Hill. Sanctions against Iran's ...
PBS: Public Broadcasting Service
Israeli military confirms it hit Syrian nuclear site in 2007 | PBS News
March 20, 2018 — The Israeli military confirmed on Wednesday it carried out the 2007 airstrike in Syria that destroyed what was believed to be a nuclear reactor.
The Guardian
Israel confirms it carried out 2007 airstrike on Syrian nuclear reactor
March 20, 2018 — Israel's military has gone public for the first time to confirm a 2007 airstrike on a suspected Syrian nuclear reactor, announcing details of a night-time ...
The Strategy Bridge
Secrecy and Signaling: The Israeli Approach to Nuclear Weapons
August 2, 2017 — The Middle East has experienced enormous changes since the 1950s. Yet, the Israeli nuclear policy of ambiguity and opacity has not changed ...
United Nations Press
Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant ...
December 22, 2016 — Israel's settlements have no legal validity, constitute flagrant violation of international law, Security Council reaffirms.
Corporate Crime Reporter
Lawsuit Claims Aid to Nuclear Israel Illegal Under Symington Glenn ...
August 10, 2016 — A lawsuit filed in federal court in Washington, DC claims that United States aid to Israel is illegal under a law passed in the 1970s that prohibits aid to ...
Wilson Center
Kennedy, Dimona and the Nuclear Proliferation Problem: 1961-1962
April 20, 2016 — The Kennedy administration believed that IAEA inspections of Dimona were a valid long-term goal but recognized that a second visit by U.S. ...
Al Jazeera
Netanyahu lobbies US Jews to act against Iran deal - Al Jazeera
August 4, 2015 — Israeli PM says Iran nuclear deal “will bring war” as he attempts to mobilise Jewish Americans against the pact.
Politico
Rep. Israel announces opposition to Iran deal - POLITICO
August 3, 2015 — New York Rep. Steve Israel said Tuesday that he would oppose the nonproliferation deal at the center of President Barack Obama's foreign policy agenda.
CBS News
Netanyahu slams Iran deal as a "historic" mistake - CBS News
July 13, 2015 — As U.S. and European diplomats trumpet success, Israeli leader says agreement will allow Iran to pursue "terror in the region"
Wilson Center
The US Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project | Wilson Center
April 14, 2015 — Inspection: When McCone urged that the U.S. insist the Dimona plant be under IAEA safeguards, Gates suggested that the Israelis be asked to open ...
Al Jazeera
Why Saudi Arabia and Israel oppose Iran nuclear deal - Al Jazeera
April 13, 2015 — With a nuclear-armed Iran, Israel would also be severely limited in its ability to strike against Tehran's regional allies, including the ...
NPR
Israelis Disagree On How To Keep Iran From Nuclear Weapons - NPR
November 19, 2013 — Israel has been lobbying hard against any agreement with Iran that eases sanctions while allowing Iran to continue enriching nuclear material.
Al Jazeera
Nuclear weapons are Israel's 'worst-kept secret,' says Israeli historian
October 17, 2013 — Israel has long hewed to a policy of nuclear opacity — known as amimut in Hebrew — neither confirming nor denying the existence of a substantial ...
armscontrolwonk.com
Amimut - Arms Control Wonk
May 24, 2011 — The Hebrew word for nuclear opacity or ambiguity is amimut, which Avner Cohen believes to be “Israel's original contribution to the nuclear age ...
United Nations Press
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ADVISORY OPINION FINDS ...
July 8, 2004 — THE HAGUE, 9 July (ICJ) -- The International Court of Justice ... illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall and ...
International Court of Justice
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied ...
December 7, 2003 — ... illegal situation in question, taking due account of the present Advisory Opinion. ... © International Court of Justice 2017-2025 – All ...
Wikipedia
Operation Opera - Wikipedia
Operation Opera ; Destruction of Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor · 7 June 1981 · Israeli Air Force · Israeli operational success. Osirak nuclear reactor destroyed ...
Wikipedia
Shimon Peres Negev Nuclear Research Center - Wikipedia
Israel reportedly opened Dimona to U.S. inspection in January 1965, with inspections continuing until 1969.
Wikipedia
Symington Amendment - Wikipedia
The Glenn Amendment (Section 670) was later adopted in 1977, and provided the same sanctions against countries that acquire or transfer nuclear reprocessing ...
Wikipedia
List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel - Wikipedia
Condemnation of Israel on various topics including the occupation of the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights, war in Lebanon and the annexation of Jerusalem.
Wikipedia
Operation Outside the Box - Wikipedia
Operation Outside the Box, also known as Operation Orchard, was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, referred to as the Al Kibar site (also ...
Wikipedia
Nuclear weapons and Israel - Wikipedia
... Israel possessed nuclear weapons as a policy of amimut, or "nuclear opacity". In 1998, former prime minister Shimon Peres said that Israel "built ...
Wikipedia
Israeli-occupied territories - Wikipedia
In 1980–81 Israel annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. ... About 500,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and another 200,000 live in East ...
Arms Control Association
Wrestling With Nuclear Opacity - Arms Control Association
Cohen argues that Israel is long overdue to modify what he calls its nuclear strategy of amimut (Hebrew for “opacity” or “ambiguity”).
Israel Lobby Archive
Israeli Nukes, US Foreign Aid, and the Symington Amendment
The US passes the Symington Amendment of 1976. Symington Amendment prohibits most U.S. foreign aid to any country found trafficking in nuclear enrichment ...
Casebook
ICJ/Israel, Separation Wall/Security Fence in the Occupied ...
[N.B.: This decision was issued on 30 June 2004, i.e. shortly before the ICJ rendered its advisory opinion. ... separation fence was illegal. [...] Third ...
Amnesty International USA
Crime of Apartheid | Amnesty International USA
Amnesty International's 2022 report, Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity shows that Israeli.
Amnesty International USA
[PDF] ISRAEL'S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS
The organization has concluded that Israel has perpetrated the international wrong of apartheid, as a human rights violation and a violation of public ...
Middle East Forum
When Israel Destroyed Syria's Nuclear Reactor: The Inside Story
On June 7, 1981, the Israeli airforce (IAF) destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor outside Baghdad, inaugurating what came to be known as the Begin Doctrine.
TRT World
This is how Israel has violated the Geneva Conventions for 75 years
In simpler words, Israel isn't allowed under the Geneva Conventions to “settle” its citizens inside the Palestinian territories it occupies—something Tel Aviv ...
OHCHR
Database of Business Enterprises Pursuant to Human Rights ... - ohchr
On 24 March 2016, at its 31st session, the HRC adopted resolution 31/36, entitled “Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East ...
Chatham House
[PDF] The ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Wall - Chatham House
The ICJ stated that the Barrier was illegal and Israel was under a duty to cease ... the Wall was an attempt to protect the illegal settlements. As such ...
De Gruyter
Israel's Nuclear Amimut Policy - De Gruyter
Israel's nuclear amimut policy prohibits acknowledging the existence of the country's nuclear capability. The ongoing use of this unique strategy has resulted ...
Unny
Explanation of vote: Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian ...
Israeli settlements are illegal under international law and a significant obstacle to peace and a two-state solution, as stated in UN Security Council ...
CIE
Iraq's Nuclear Reactor Destroyed | CIE - Center for Israel Education
June 7, 1981. Eight Israeli F-16s fly a 2,000-mile round trip to bomb Iraq's Osirak plutonium nuclear reactor at the Tammuz I complex 10 miles south of ...
Scholars' Bank
[PDF] THE PRO-ISRAEL LOBBY'S INFLUENCE ON U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
While the pro-Israel lobby was unable to prevent President Obama from dropping economic sanctions against Iran, it was able to convince President Trump to leave ...
Office of the Historian
Symington and Glenn Amendments - Office of the Historian
The Amendment barred U.S. economic and military assistance to any country that imported or exported spent nuclear fuel reprocessing or uranium enrichment ...
Doctors Without Borders
Israeli authorities must stop collective punishment and use of aid as ...
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) condemns Israel's siege on Gaza, blocking aid, water and fuel. This collective punishment worsens the ...
jfedsrq.org
Are Israeli Settlements in the West Bank illegal under International ...
The creation of settlements appears to violate the prohibition of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention which provides: The Occupying Power shall not ...
Visualizing Palestine
Where Law Stands on the Wall - Visualizing Palestine
In July 2004, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared this barrier illegal, choosing to refer to it as a "wall". The infographic 'Where Law Stands on ...
thecradle.co
Israeli Defense Minister US-bound to lobby against Iran deal
Benny Gantz says he 'will do everything' to influence the outcome of JCPOA-revival talks between Iran and